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Study library

Literature, classified.

Reviews, guidelines, methods papers and clinical trials that underpin our profiles. Every paper carries a statement of evidence type. Preclinical findings are not statements about use in humans.

Methodology Analytics, validation, stabilityOverview State of a research fieldPreclinical Cell culture and animal modelsClinical Human studies, mostly of approved medicines
AllBPC-157GHK-CuMOTS-cEpitalonAnalyticsStabilityPeptide research
  1. 2025
    Literature reviewPreclinicalBPC-157

    Multifunctionality and possible medical application of the BPC 157 peptide: literature and patent review

    Józwiak M., Bauer M., Kamysz W., Kleczkowska P. · Pharmaceuticals

    Literature and patent review of the pentadecapeptide BPC 157. The data evaluated come predominantly from preclinical models; the authors stress the lack of clinical evidence.

  2. 2023
    GuidelineMethodology

    ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures

    International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) · ICH Quality Guidelines

    International guideline on the validation of analytical procedures. Defines criteria such as specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity.

  3. 2022
    ReviewOverview

    Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions

    Wang L., Wang N., Zhang W. et al. · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

    Overview of the development, manufacture and modification of peptides and of the research fields in which they are studied.

  4. 2021
    ReviewOverview

    Trends in peptide drug discovery

    Muttenthaler M., King G. F., Adams D. J., Alewood P. F. · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery

    Comprehensive overview of the development of peptide-based drugs, from discovery and design strategies to the challenges of stability and delivery.

  5. 2021
    Original researchPreclinicalMOTS-c

    MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis

    Reynolds J. C., Lai R. W., Woodhead J. S. T. et al. · Nature Communications

    MOTS-c improved physical performance in young, middle-aged and old mice, even when treatment began late in life. In humans, the endogenous peptide rose in muscle and blood after exercise.

  6. 2021
    ReviewPreclinicalBPC-157

    Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and wound healing

    Seiwerth S., Milavic M., Vukojevic J. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology

    Review of findings on BPC 157 in wound models (incisions, burns, diabetic ulcers) in rats and mice; mechanisms via the NO system and angiogenesis are discussed.

  7. 2018
    ReviewPreclinicalGHK-Cu

    Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data

    Pickart L., Margolina A. · International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Review of five decades of research on GHK-Cu, from cell culture through animal models to topical human studies, supplemented by gene expression data from the Connectivity Map dataset.

  8. 2015
    Original researchPreclinicalMOTS-c

    The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance

    Lee C., Zeng J., Drew B. G. et al. · Cell Metabolism

    First description of MOTS-c, a 16 amino acid peptide from a reading frame of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. In cells it inhibits the folate cycle and activates AMPK; in mice it prevented diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.

  9. 2014
    ReviewMethodology

    Related impurities in peptide medicines

    D'Hondt M., Bracke N., Taevernier L., Gevaert B., Verbeke F., Wynendaele E., De Spiegeleer B. · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

    Systematic classification of impurities in synthetic peptides by origin: synthesis, degradation of the peptide, and interaction with excipients.

  10. 2010
    ReviewMethodology

    Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update

    Manning M. C., Chou D. K., Murphy B. M., Payne R. W., Katayama D. S. · Pharmaceutical Research

    Overview of chemical and physical degradation pathways of peptides and proteins such as deamidation, oxidation and aggregation, and of stabilising measures.

  11. 2003
    Original researchPreclinicalEpitalon

    Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice

    Anisimov V. N., Khavinson V. Kh., Popovich I. G. et al. · Biogerontology

    Lifelong study in female SHR mice. Mean lifespan unchanged, maximum lifespan 12.3 % higher, fewer chromosome aberrations and six times fewer leukaemias with an unchanged overall tumour rate.

  12. 2003
    Original researchPreclinicalEpitalon

    Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells

    Khavinson V. Kh., Bondarev I. E., Butyugov A. A. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine

    In telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblasts, Epitalon induced formation of the catalytic telomerase subunit, enzyme activity and elongation of telomeres.

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